@article{Coccolini2020,

title = {Liver trauma: WSES 2020 guidelines},

author = {Federico Coccolini and Raul Coimbra and Carlos Ordonez and Yoram Kluger and Felipe Vega and Ernest E. Moore and Walt Biffl and Andrew Peitzman and Tal Horer and Fikri M. Abu-Zidan and Massimo Sartelli and Gustavo P. Fraga and Enrico Cicuttin and Luca Ansaloni and Michael W. Parra and Mauricio Millán and Nicola Deangelis and Kenji Inaba and George Velmahos and Ron Maier and Vladimir Khokha and Boris Sakakushev and Goran Augustin and Salomone Di Saverio and Emanuil Pikoulis and Mircea Chirica and Viktor Reva and Ari Leppaniemi and Vassil Manchev and Massimo Chiarugi and Dimitrios Damaskos and Dieter Weber and Neil Parry and Zaza Demetrashvili and Ian Civil and Lena Napolitano and Davide Corbella and Fausto Catena and Hany Bahouth and Matti Tolonen and Paola Fugazzola and Jose Julian Serna and Fernando Rodriguez and Alberto F. Garciá and Adolfo Gonzalez and Luis Fernando Pino and Mónica Guzmán-Rodríguez and Bruno M. Pereira and Andrew Kirkpatrick and Alain Chichom Mefire and Antonio Tarasconi and Osvaldo Chiara and Carlos Augusto Gomes and Joseph Galante and Miklosh Bala and Paola Perfetti and Fernando MacHado and Oreste Romeo and Francesco Salvetti and Lorenzo Ghiadoni and Francesco Forfori and Paolo Malacarne and Silvia Pini and Marsia Pucciarelli and Marco Ceresoli and Catherine Arvieux and Denis Khokha and David A. Spain and Arda Isik},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85082792596&doi=10.1186%2fs13017-020-00302-7&partnerID=40&md5=3f0ba01e636355e10626061d4259c720},

doi = {10.1186/s13017-020-00302-7},

issn = {17497922},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

urldate = {2020-01-01},

journal = {World Journal of Emergency Surgery},

volume = {15},

number = {1},

publisher = {BioMed Central Ltd.},

abstract = {Liver injuries represent one of the most frequent life-threatening injuries in trauma patients. In determining the optimal management strategy, the anatomic injury, the hemodynamic status, and the associated injuries should be taken into consideration. Liver trauma approach may require non-operative or operative management with the intent to restore the homeostasis and the normal physiology. The management of liver trauma should be multidisciplinary including trauma surgeons, interventional radiologists, and emergency and ICU physicians. The aim of this paper is to present the World Society of Emergency Surgery (WSES) liver trauma management guidelines. © 2020 The Author(s).},

note = {Cited by: 47; All Open Access, Gold Open Access, Green Open Access},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Cirocchi20151,

title = {Non-operative management versus operative management in high-grade blunt hepatic injury (Review)},

author = {Roberto Cirocchi and Stefano Trastulli and Eleonora Pressi and Eriberto Farinella and Stefano Avenia and Carlos Hernando Morales Uribe and Ana Maria Botero and Luis M. Barrera},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84986206727&doi=10.1002%2f14651858.CD010989.pub2&partnerID=40&md5=935d8afe67e6b81816674d754fdd8e19},

doi = {10.1002/14651858.CD010989.pub2},

issn = {1469493X},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

urldate = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews},

volume = {2015},

number = {8},

pages = {1 – 15},

publisher = {John Wiley and Sons Ltd},

abstract = {Background Surgery used to be the treatment of choice in cases of blunt hepatic injury, but this approach gradually changed over the last two decades as increasing non-operative management (NOM) of splenic injury led to its use for hepatic injury. The improvement in critical care monitoring and computed tomographic scanning, as well as themore frequent use of interventional radiology techniques, has helped to bring about this change to non-operative management. Liver trauma ranges from a small capsular tear, without parenchymal laceration, to massive parenchymal injury with major hepatic vein/retrohepatic vena cava lesions. In 1994, the Organ Injury Scaling Committee of the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma (AAST) revised the Hepatic Injury Scale to have a range from grade I to VI. Minor injuries (grade I or II) are the most frequent liver injuries (80% to 90% of all cases); severe injuries are grade III-V lesions; grade VI lesions are frequently incompatible with survival. In the medical literature, the majority of patients who have undergone NOM have low-grade liver injuries. The safety of NOM in high-grade liver lesions, AAST grade IV and V, remains a subject of debate as a high incidence of liver and collateral extra-abdominal complications are still described. Objectives To assess the effects of non-operative management compared to operative management in high-grade (grade III-V) blunt hepatic injury. Search methods The search for studies was run on 14 April 2014. We searched the Cochrane Injuries Group's Specialised Register, The Cochrane Library, Ovid MEDLINE(R), Ovid MEDLINE(R) In-Process & Other Non-Indexed Citations, Ovid MEDLINE(R) Daily and Ovid OLDMEDLINE(R), Embase Classic+Embase (Ovid), PubMed, ISIWOS (SCI-EXPANDED, SSCI, CPCI-S & CPSI-SSH), clinical trials registries, conference proceedings, and we screened reference lists. Selection criteria All randomised trials that compare non-operative management versus operative management in high-grade blunt hepatic injury. Data collection and analysis Two authors independently applied the selection criteria to relevant study reports. We used standard methodological procedures as defined by the Cochrane Collaboration. Main results We were unable to find any randomised controlled trials of non-operative management versus operative management in high-grade blunt hepatic injury. Authors' conclusions In order to further explore the preliminary findings provided by animal models and observational clinical studies that suggests there may be a beneficial effect of non-operative management versus operative management in high-grade blunt hepatic injury, large, high quality randomised trials are needed. © 2015 The Cochrane Collaboration.},

note = {Cited by: 5; All Open Access, Green Open Access},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Stassen2012S288,

title = {Nonoperative management of blunt hepatic injury: An eastern association for the surgery of trauma practice management guideline},

author = {Nicole A. Stassen and Indermeet Bhullar and Julius D. Cheng and Marie Crandall and Randall Friese and Oscar Guillamondegui and Randeep Jawa and Adrian Maung and Thomas J. Rohs and Ayodele Sangosanya and Kevin Schuster and Mark Seamon and Kathryn M. Tchorz and Ben L. Zarzuar and Andrew Kerwin},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84869753784&doi=10.1097%2fTA.0b013e318270160d&partnerID=40&md5=6ce9337f090b2e9f932cb7bc1d738c7d},

doi = {10.1097/TA.0b013e318270160d},

issn = {21630763},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

urldate = {2012-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery},

volume = {73},

number = {5 SUPPL.4},

pages = {S288–S293},

abstract = {BACKGROUND: During the last century, the management of blunt force trauma to the liver has changed from observation and expectant management in the early part of the 1900s to mainly operative intervention, to the current practice of selective operative and nonoperative management. These issues were first addressed by the Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma in the Practice Management Guidelines for Nonoperative Management of Blunt Injury to the Liver and Spleen published online in 2003. Since that time, a large volume of literature on these topics has been published requiring a reevaluation of the previous Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma guideline. METHODS: The National Library of Medicine and the National Institutes of Health MEDLINE database were searched using PubMed (http://www.pubmed.gov). The search was designed to identify English-language citations published after 1996 (the last year included in the previous guideline) using the keywords liver injury and blunt abdominal trauma. RESULTS: One hundred seventy-six articles were reviewed, of which 94 were used to create the current practice management guideline for the selective nonoperative management of blunt hepatic injury. CONCLUSION: Most original hepatic guidelines remained valid and were incorporated into the greatly expanded current guidelines as appropriate. Nonoperative management of blunt hepatic injuries currently is the treatment modality of choice in hemodynamically stable patients, irrespective of the grade of injury or patient age. Nonoperative management of blunt hepatic injuries should only be considered in an environment that provides capabilities for monitoring, serial clinical evaluations, and an operating room available for urgent laparotomy. Patients presenting with hemodynamic instability and peritonitis still warrant emergent operative intervention. Intravenous contrast enhanced computed tomographic scan is the diagnostic modality of choice for evaluating blunt hepatic injuries. Repeated imaging should be guided by a patient's clinical status. Adjunctive therapies like angiography, percutaneous drainage, endoscopy/endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and laparoscopy remain important adjuncts to nonoperative management of hepatic injuries. Despite the explosion of literature on this topic, many questions regarding nonoperative management of blunt hepatic injuries remain without conclusive answers in the literature. © 2012 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.},

note = {Cited by: 210; All Open Access, Bronze Open Access},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}