@article{Buxbaum2021207,

title = {ASGE guideline on the management of cholangitis},

author = {James L. Buxbaum and Carlos Buitrago and Alice Lee and Badih Joseph Elmunzer and Ahsun Riaz and Eugene P. Ceppa and Mohammed Al-Haddad and Stuart K. Amateau and Audrey H. Calderwood and Douglas S. Fishman and Larissa L. Fujii-Lau and Laith H. Jamil and Terry L. Jue and Richard S. Kwon and Joanna K. Law and Jeffrey K. Lee and Mariam Naveed and Swati Pawa and Mandeep S. Sawhney and Hannah Schilperoort and Andrew C. Storm and Nirav C. Thosani and Bashar J. Qumseya and Sachin Wani},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85106369045&doi=10.1016%2fj.gie.2020.12.032&partnerID=40&md5=01b30a124c6002eaf66678f67d0a713c},

doi = {10.1016/j.gie.2020.12.032},

issn = {00165107},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-01-01},

urldate = {2021-01-01},

journal = {Gastrointestinal Endoscopy},

volume = {94},

number = {2},

pages = {207 – 221.e14},

publisher = {Mosby Inc.},

abstract = {Cholangitis is a GI emergency requiring prompt recognition and treatment. The purpose of this document from the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy's (ASGE) Standards of Practice Committee is to provide an evidence-based approach for management of cholangitis. This document addresses the modality of drainage (endoscopic vs percutaneous), timing of intervention (<48 hours vs >48 hours), and extent of initial intervention (comprehensive therapy vs decompression alone). Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation methodology was used to formulate recommendations on these topics. The ASGE suggests endoscopic rather than percutaneous drainage and biliary decompression within 48 hours. Additionally, the panel suggests that sphincterotomy and stone removal be combined with drainage rather than decompression alone, unless patients are too unstable to tolerate more extensive endoscopic treatment. © 2021 American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy},

note = {Cited by: 5; All Open Access, Bronze Open Access},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Lindor2019394,

title = {Primary Biliary Cholangitis: 2018 Practice Guidance from the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases},

author = {Keith D. Lindor and Christopher L. Bowlus and James Boyer and Cynthia Levy and Marlyn Mayo},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85056159111&doi=10.1002%2fhep.30145&partnerID=40&md5=a6bb95ee0c8d1ae694afb0ca2c764067},

doi = {10.1002/hep.30145},

issn = {02709139},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-01-01},

urldate = {2019-01-01},

journal = {Hepatology},

volume = {69},

number = {1},

pages = {394 – 419},

publisher = {John Wiley and Sons Inc.},

note = {Cited by: 289; All Open Access, Bronze Open Access},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Gomi20183,

title = {Tokyo Guidelines 2018: antimicrobial therapy for acute cholangitis and cholecystitis},

author = {Harumi Gomi and Joseph S. Solomkin and David Schlossberg and Kohji Okamoto and Tadahiro Takada and Steven M. Strasberg and Tomohiko Ukai and Itaru Endo and Yukio Iwashita and Taizo Hibi and Henry A. Pitt and Naohisa Matsunaga and Yoriyuki Takamori and Akiko Umezawa and Koji Asai and Kenji Suzuki and Ho-Seong Han and Tsann-Long Hwang and Yasuhisa Mori and Yoo-Seok Yoon and Wayne Shih-Wei Huang and Giulio Belli and Christos Dervenis and Masamichi Yokoe and Seiki Kiriyama and Takao Itoi and Palepu Jagannath and O. James Garden and Fumihiko Miura and Eduardo Santibañes and Satoru Shikata and Yoshinori Noguchi and Keita Wada and Goro Honda and Avinash Nivritti Supe and Masahiro Yoshida and Toshihiko Mayumi and Dirk J. Gouma and Daniel J. Deziel and Kui-Hin Liau and Miin-Fu Chen and Keng-Hao Liu and Cheng-Hsi Su and Angus C. W. Chan and Dong-Sup Yoon and In-Seok Choi and Eduard Jonas and Xiao-Ping Chen and Sheung Tat Fan and Chen-Guo Ker and Mariano Eduardo Giménez and Seigo Kitano and Masafumi Inomata and Shuntaro Mukai and Ryota Higuchi and Koichi Hirata and Kazuo Inui and Yoshinobu Sumiyama and Masakazu Yamamoto},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85040726775&doi=10.1002%2fjhbp.518&partnerID=40&md5=d29dc51e3f06babd607cad14003d534c},

doi = {10.1002/jhbp.518},

issn = {18686974},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

urldate = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Sciences},

volume = {25},

number = {1},

pages = {3 – 16},

publisher = {Blackwell Publishing Asia},

abstract = {Antimicrobial therapy is a mainstay of the management for patients with acute cholangitis and/or cholecystitis. The Tokyo Guidelines 2018 (TG18) provides recommendations for the appropriate use of antimicrobials for community-acquired and healthcare-associated infections. The listed agents are for empirical therapy provided before the infecting isolates are identified. Antimicrobial agents are listed by class-definitions and TG18 severity grade I, II, and III subcategorized by clinical settings. In the era of emerging and increasing antimicrobial resistance, monitoring and updating local antibiograms is underscored. Prudent antimicrobial usage and early de-escalation or termination of antimicrobial therapy are now important parts of decision-making. What is new in TG18 is that the duration of antimicrobial therapy for both acute cholangitis and cholecystitis is systematically reviewed. Prophylactic antimicrobial usage for elective endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography is no longer recommended and the section was deleted in TG18. Free full articles and mobile app of TG18 are available at: http://www.jshbps.jp/modules/en/index.php?content_id=47. Related clinical questions and references are also included. © 2018 Japanese Society of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery},

note = {Cited by: 138; All Open Access, Bronze Open Access},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Miura201831,

title = {Tokyo Guidelines 2018: initial management of acute biliary infection and flowchart for acute cholangitis},

author = {Fumihiko Miura and Kohji Okamoto and Tadahiro Takada and Steven M. Strasberg and Horacio J. Asbun and Henry A. Pitt and Harumi Gomi and Joseph S. Solomkin and David Schlossberg and Ho-Seong Han and Myung-Hwan Kim and Tsann-Long Hwang and Miin-Fu Chen and Wayne Shih-Wei Huang and Seiki Kiriyama and Takao Itoi and O. James Garden and Kui-Hin Liau and Akihiko Horiguchi and Keng-Hao Liu and Cheng-Hsi Su and Dirk J. Gouma and Giulio Belli and Christos Dervenis and Palepu Jagannath and Angus C. W. Chan and Wan Yee Lau and Itaru Endo and Kenji Suzuki and Yoo-Seok Yoon and Eduardo Santibañes and Mariano Eduardo Giménez and Eduard Jonas and Harjit Singh and Goro Honda and Koji Asai and Yasuhisa Mori and Keita Wada and Ryota Higuchi and Manabu Watanabe and Toshiki Rikiyama and Naohiro Sata and Nobuyasu Kano and Akiko Umezawa and Shuntaro Mukai and Hiromi Tokumura and Jiro Hata and Kazuto Kozaka and Yukio Iwashita and Taizo Hibi and Masamichi Yokoe and Taizo Kimura and Seigo Kitano and Masafumi Inomata and Koichi Hirata and Yoshinobu Sumiyama and Kazuo Inui and Masakazu Yamamoto},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85040723161&doi=10.1002%2fjhbp.509&partnerID=40&md5=78cdf4686bbd104bb457ac3e3ac210b0},

doi = {10.1002/jhbp.509},

issn = {18686974},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

urldate = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Sciences},

volume = {25},

number = {1},

pages = {31 – 40},

publisher = {Blackwell Publishing Asia},

abstract = {The initial management of patients with suspected acute biliary infection starts with the measurement of vital signs to assess whether or not the situation is urgent. If the case is judged to be urgent, initial medical treatment should be started immediately including respiratory/circulatory management if required, without waiting for a definitive diagnosis. The patient's medical history is then taken; an abdominal examination is performed; blood tests, urinalysis, and diagnostic imaging are carried out; and a diagnosis is made using the diagnostic criteria for cholangitis/cholecystitis. Once the diagnosis has been confirmed, initial medical treatment should be started immediately, severity should be assessed according to the severity grading criteria for acute cholangitis/cholecystitis, and the patient's general status should be evaluated. For mild acute cholangitis, in most cases initial treatment including antibiotics is sufficient, and most patients do not require biliary drainage. However, biliary drainage should be considered if a patient does not respond to initial treatment. For moderate acute cholangitis, early endoscopic or percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage is indicated. If the underlying etiology requires treatment, this should be provided after the patient's general condition has improved; endoscopic sphincterotomy and subsequent choledocholithotomy may be performed together with biliary drainage. For severe acute cholangitis, appropriate respiratory/circulatory management is required. Biliary drainage should be performed as soon as possible after the patient's general condition has been improved by initial treatment and respiratory/circulatory management. Free full articles and mobile app of TG18 are available at: http://www.jshbps.jp/modules/en/index.php?content_id=47. Related clinical questions and references are also included. © 2018 Japanese Society of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery},

note = {Cited by: 153; All Open Access, Bronze Open Access, Green Open Access},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}