@article{pmid36051951,

title = {EASL clinical practice guidelines: non-invasive liver tests for evaluation of liver disease severity and prognosis},

author = {Ann J Archer and Katherine J Belfield and James G Orr and Fiona H Gordon and Kushala Wm Abeysekera},

doi = {10.1136/flgastro-2021-102064},

issn = {2041-4137},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-01-01},

urldate = {2022-01-01},

journal = {Frontline Gastroenterol},

volume = {13},

number = {5},

pages = {436--439},

abstract = {The European Association for the Study of the Liver has recently published updated guidelines on the use of non-invasive tests to identify and stratify chronic liver disease. Here, we provide a summary of the key recommendations from the guideline.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Berzigotti2021659,

title = {EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines on non-invasive tests for evaluation of liver disease severity and prognosis – 2021 update},

author = {Annalisa Berzigotti and Emmanouil Tsochatzis and Jerome Boursier and Laurent Castera and Nora Cazzagon and Mireen Friedrich-Rust and Salvatore Petta and Maja Thiele},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85111488364&doi=10.1016%2fj.jhep.2021.05.025&partnerID=40&md5=87ac16ad82194ab5099e728bb0584cd0},

doi = {10.1016/j.jhep.2021.05.025},

issn = {01688278},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-01-01},

urldate = {2021-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Hepatology},

volume = {75},

number = {3},

pages = {659 – 689},

publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},

abstract = {Non-invasive tests are increasingly being used to improve the diagnosis and prognostication of chronic liver diseases across aetiologies. Herein, we provide the latest update to the EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines on the use of non-invasive tests for the evaluation of liver disease severity and prognosis, focusing on the topics for which relevant evidence has been published in the last 5 years. © 2021 European Association for the Study of the Liver},

note = {Cited by: 155; All Open Access, Bronze Open Access, Green Open Access},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Newsome20186,

title = {Guidelines on the management of abnormal liver blood tests},

author = {Philip N. Newsome and Rob Cramb and Suzanne M. Davison and John F. DIllon and Mark Foulerton and Edmund M. Godfrey and Richard Hall and Ulrike Harrower and Mark Hudson and Andrew Langford and Anne MacKie and Robert Mitchell-Thain and Karen Sennett and Nicholas C. Sheron and Julia Verne and Martine Walmsley and Andrew Yeoman},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85038393560&doi=10.1136%2fgutjnl-2017-314924&partnerID=40&md5=4f34a48cb7bbb204d84befdee6506b6b},

doi = {10.1136/gutjnl-2017-314924},

issn = {00175749},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

urldate = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Gut},

volume = {67},

number = {1},

pages = {6 – 19},

publisher = {BMJ Publishing Group},

abstract = {These updated guidelines on the management of abnormal liver blood tests have been commissioned by the Clinical Services and Standards Committee (CSSC) of the British Society of Gastroenterology (BSG) under the auspices of the liver section of the BSG. The original guidelines, which this document supersedes, were written in 2000 and have undergone extensive revision by members of the Guidelines Development Group (GDG). The GDG comprises representatives from patient/carer groups (British Liver Trust, Liver4life, PBC Foundation and PSC Support), elected members of the BSG liver section (including representatives from Scotland and Wales), British Association for the Study of the Liver (BASL), Specialist Advisory Committee in Clinical Biochemistry/Royal College of Pathology and Association for Clinical Biochemistry, British Society of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (BSPGHAN), Public Health England (implementation and screening), Royal College of General Practice, British Society of Gastrointestinal and Abdominal Radiologists (BSGAR) and Society of Acute Medicine. The quality of evidence and grading of recommendations was appraised using the AGREE II tool. These guidelines deal specifically with the management of abnormal liver blood tests in children and adults in both primary and secondary care under the following subheadings: (1) What constitutes an abnormal liver blood test? (2) What constitutes a standard liver blood test panel? (3) When should liver blood tests be checked? (4) Does the extent and duration of abnormal liver blood tests determine subsequent investigation? (5) Response to abnormal liver blood tests. They are not designed to deal with the management of the underlying liver disease. © Article author(s) (or their employer(s) unless otherwise stated in the text of the article) 2018. All rights reserved. No commercial use is permitted unless otherwise expressly granted.},

note = {Cited by: 195; All Open Access, Green Open Access, Hybrid Gold Open Access},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Kwo201718,

title = {ACG Clinical Guideline: Evaluation of Abnormal Liver Chemistries},

author = {Paul Y. Kwo and Stanley M. Cohen and Joseph K. Lim},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85006713734&doi=10.1038%2fajg.2016.517&partnerID=40&md5=bebdfff5bbdbce7c0ad0068659bbbe50},

doi = {10.1038/ajg.2016.517},

issn = {00029270},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

urldate = {2017-01-01},

journal = {American Journal of Gastroenterology},

volume = {112},

number = {1},

pages = {18 – 35},

publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},

abstract = {Clinicians are required to assess abnormal liver chemistries on a daily basis. The most common liver chemistries ordered are serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin. These tests should be termed liver chemistries or liver tests. Hepatocellular injury is defined as disproportionate elevation of AST and ALT levels compared with alkaline phosphatase levels. Cholestatic injury is defined as disproportionate elevation of alkaline phosphatase level as compared with AST and ALT levels. The majority of bilirubin circulates as unconjugated bilirubin and an elevated conjugated bilirubin implies hepatocellular disease or cholestasis. Multiple studies have demonstrated that the presence of an elevated ALT has been associated with increased liver-related mortality. A true healthy normal ALT level ranges from 29 to 33 IU/l for males, 19 to 25 IU/l for females and levels above this should be assessed. The degree of elevation of ALT and or AST in the clinical setting helps guide the evaluation. The evaluation of hepatocellular injury includes testing for viral hepatitis A, B, and C, assessment for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and alcoholic liver disease, screening for hereditary hemochromatosis, autoimmune hepatitis, Wilson's disease, and alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency. In addition, a history of prescribed and over-the-counter medicines should be sought. For the evaluation of an alkaline phosphatase elevation determined to be of hepatic origin, testing for primary biliary cholangitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis should be undertaken. Total bilirubin elevation can occur in either cholestatic or hepatocellular diseases. Elevated total serum bilirubin levels should be fractionated to direct and indirect bilirubin fractions and an elevated serum conjugated bilirubin implies hepatocellular disease or biliary obstruction in most settings. A liver biopsy may be considered when serologic testing and imaging fails to elucidate a diagnosis, to stage a condition, or when multiple diagnoses are possible. © 2017 by the American College of Gastroenterology.},

note = {Cited by: 408},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Castera2015237,

title = {EASL-ALEH Clinical Practice Guidelines: Non-invasive tests for evaluation of liver disease severity and prognosis},

author = {Laurent Castera and Henry Lik Yuen Chan and Marco Arrese and Nezam Afdhal and Pierre Bedossa and Mireen Friedrich-Rust and Kwang-Hyub Han and Massimo Pinzani},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84931572246&doi=10.1016%2fj.jhep.2015.04.006&partnerID=40&md5=a17c11f9ae44d9a528731d45b1aac7ca},

doi = {10.1016/j.jhep.2015.04.006},

issn = {01688278},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

urldate = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Hepatology},

volume = {63},

number = {1},

pages = {237 – 264},

publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},

note = {Cited by: 1152; All Open Access, Green Open Access, Hybrid Gold Open Access},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}